PLCP 801: Comparative Politics of the Welfare State

Herman Schwartz schwartz@virginia.edu

248 C Cabell Hall http://www.people.virginia.edu/~hms2f

Mondays 3:30-6:00pm Cabell B-30 (that’s the basement – ugh. Depending on # of students, we may move somewhere else.)

This seminar investigates the origins, expansion, and stabilization (or crisis – take your pick) of the welfare state in the rich OECD countries. We will pay particular attention to western Europe, not only because of the rich literature, but also because similar issues are covered in other courses. However, the course will have considerable non-Western Europe content as well. Broadly, the course deals with four questions:

• Why did market economies develop market and non-market based systems of social protection? What roles were played by states, labor market actors, and women’s groups?
• How do these systems of social protection interact with and shape production and the rest of the economy? In particular, what connections, if any, are there with (un-)employment, skills formation, and export profiles?
• How do these systems of social protection interact with and shape domestic (ie household) political economy and gender roles, including the currently vexing issue of fertility?
• What caused the emergence of (or perception of?) crises in the late 1970s and 1980s and how has this affected the current evolution of welfare provision and institutions?

We will try to answer these questions from a variety of perspectives – institutional, normative, game theoretic, historical. We will also try to cover some specific issue areas along the way, particularly pensions and daycare. There is a rich – too rich – literature on welfare states to cover everything. Please feel free to go through the resource readings at your leisure if you are interested, and to suggest more items for those lists.

Readings:

Almost all of the readings are available on line via Toolkit materials or JSTOR; many books (Baldwin, de Swann, Hall/Soskice, Huber/Stephens, Pierson, Scharpf, Wolfe) are on reserve at Clemons. Articles and/or chapters from books will also be available as a CD-ROM from me on request. We will read large portions of Huber/Stephens Development and Crisis of Welfare States; Pierson, ed., New Politics of Welfare; Hall and Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism; Scharf and Schmidt, Welfare and Work in the Open Economy – so these may be worth buying from Amazon, etc. They are not in the bookstore; they are on Clemons reserve.

Requirements: Three ‘book reviews’ providing critical summaries of all or part of the week’s readings plus a seminar paper relevant to your dissertation or thesis. Grading breakdown: participation 30%, summaries 30%, seminar paper 40%/.

August 28: Introduction / Organization

Go home (or to Clemons) and watch Fritz Lang, Metropolis if you want to understand the psychology of the European social contract of the 20^th century. By the way it is still probably one of the best movies ever made.

September 4: Why ‘formal’ welfare; why the state; what’s at stake politically [Nathan, Lindsay; HS-food]

· The classic: Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Beacon Press, 1944), chapters 6, 7, 12, 14.

· Norms: T. H. Marshall, “Citizenship and Social Class,” pp. 65-122 in Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (Doubleday 1963), or as abstracted in Pierson/Castles, Welfare State Reader pp. 32-41.

· Critique of Marshall and Polanyi: Jytte Klausen, “Social rights advocacy and state building: T.H. Marshall in the hands of social reformers.” World Politics January 1995, 47:2, pp. 244-268

· Rational Choice/CADs: Abram De Swaan, In Care of the State chs 1, 2, 4

· Historical overview: Chris Pierson, Beyond the Welfare State? ch 4

· Public or private goods?: Bo Rothstein, “The Universal Welfare State as a Social Dilemma,” Rationality and Society 13:2, 2001, pp. 213-233

· Does it make a difference?: Lyle Scruggs and James P. Allan, “The Material Consequences of Welfare States: Benefit Generosity and Absolute Poverty in 16 OECD Countries,” Comparative Political Studies 39, 2006, pp. 880-904

September 11: Early history of the welfare state: states and mothers? [Nina, Chaim, Eunjoo; Nathan-food]

· Start with a good review article: Peter Baldwin, “The Welfare State for Historians: A Review Article,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34:4, October 1992, pp. 695-707.

· The Classic Power Resources Model: Walter Korpi, in Pierson/Castles, Welfare State Reader

· A recent survey + partisan arguments: Evelyn Huber and John D. Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. University of Chicago Press, chs. 1-3.

· Gender arguments:

1. Theda Skocpol and Gretchen Ritter, “Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States,” Studies in American Political Development Spring 1991, pp. 36-91

2. Seth Koven, Sonya Michel, “Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880-1920,” The American Historical Review 95:4, October 1990, pp. 1076-1108.

3. Colin Creighton, “The Rise of the Male Breadwinner Family: A Reappraisal,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 38:2. April 1996, pp. 310-337.

Resources

Claudia Goldin, “Female Labor Force Participation: The Origin of Black and White Differences, 1870 to 1880,” Journal of Economic History 37:1, 1977, pp. 87-108. (JSTOR)

Gwendolyn Mink, “The Lady and the Tramp: Gender, Race, and the Origins of the Welfare State,” in Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare, University of Wisconsin Press, 1990.

Theda Skocpol, Protecting Mothers and Soldiers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Pat Thane and Gisela Bock Maternity and Gender Politics: Women and the Rise of European Welfare States, 1880s-1950s. Routledge, 1991.

September 18: Why Welfare Expansion Occurred: other classes, typologies [Sam, Lindsay; Nina-Food]

· The “middle classes”: Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases in the European Welfare State, 1875-1975 (Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 1-65; 107-146; 154-207; or, Baldwin, “The Scandinavian Origins of the Social Interpretation of the Welfare State,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 31:1, January 1989, pp. 3-24

· Gösta Esping-Andersen, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, chs. 1, 3, 5.

· Francis Castles and Deborah Mitchell, “Three Worlds of Welfare or Four?” mimeo

· Jacob Hacker, Divided Welfare State, ch 2, 4

Resources

Bille August (dir.), Martin Andersen Nexo (author) Pelle the Conqueror (movie)

Francis Castles, The Working Class and Welfare: reflections on the political development of the welfare state in Australia and New Zealand,

Ted Marmor, America’s Misunderstood Welfare State: Persistent Myths, Enduring Realities

Christopher Howard, America’s Hidden Welfare State

September 25: The Usual Suspects: Why Welfare Expansion Occurred, 2 (the politics of the Depression) [Nathan, Chaim; Lindsay-Food]

· Peter Swenson, “Bringing Capital Back In, or Social Democracy Reconsidered: Employer Preferences and Industrial Relations in Denmark and Sweden,” World Politics 43:4, July 1991, pp. 513-544

· Peter Swenson, “Arranged Alliance: Business Interests in the New Deal.” Politics & Society 25 (1997)

· Paul Pierson and Jacob Hacker, “Business Power and the Formation of the US Welfare State,” Politics & Society 30:2, June 2002, pp. 277-325

• Peter A. Swenson, “Varieties of Capitalist Interests: Power, Institutions, and the Regulatory Welfare State in the United States and Sweden, Studies in American Political Development, 18 (Spring 2004), 1 – 29.
• Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, “Varieties of Capitalist Interests and Capitalist Power: A Response to Swenson,” Studies in American Political Development, 18 (Fall 2004), 186–195.
• Peter A. Swenson, “Yes, and Comparative Analysis Too: Rejoinder to Hacker and Pierson,” Studies in American Political Development, 18 (Fall 2004), 196–200.

Resources

John Ford, Grapes of Wrath (movie) (or : John Steinbeck: Grapes of Wrath)

John Sayles, Matewan (movie)

Robert Townsend, 10,000 Black Men Named George (movie)

Bo Witterberg, Ådalen 31 (movie – pivotal Swedish strike of 1931)

Peter Swenson, “Labor and the Limits of the Welfare State: The Politics of Intra-class Conflict and Cross-Class Alliances in Sweden and West Germany,” Comparative Politics 23:4, 1991, pp. 379-399.

Edwin Amenta, Bold Relief: Institutional Politics and the Origins of Modern American Social Policy, Princeton, 1998

October 3: The Usual Suspects: Why Welfare Expansion Occurred, 3 (Post-war social concensus? Fordism?) [Sam; Sam-Food]

• The Classic Fordist arguments: Chris Pierson Ch 2

· David Cameron, “Social Democracy, Corporatism, Labor Quiescence, and the Representation of Economic Interest in Advanced Capitalist Society.” In John Goldthorpe, Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism (1984)

· Barry Eichengreen, “Institutions and Economic Growth: Europe after World War II,” in Nicholas Crafts and Gianni Toniolo, (eds.), Economic Growth in Europe since 1945.

· A Regulationist approach: Bob Jessop, “The Welfare State in transition from Fordism to post-Fordism” in Bob Jessop, et al., The Politics of Flexibility: Restructuring State and Industry in Britain, Germany and Scandinavia, pp. 82-105

• Or, better: Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State, ch 2-3, 7
• Robert Margo and T. Aldrich Finegan, “The Great Compression of the 1940s: The Public versus the Private Sector,” Explorations in Economic History 39, 2002, pp. 183–203

Recommended:

• a critique of the regulationist arguments: Robert Brenner and Mark Glick, “The Regulation Approach: Theory and History,” New Left Review series 1:188, July-August 1991, pp. 45–119.
• The limits of fordism: Aldous Huxley, Brave New World

· Peter Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets, Cornell University Press, chs. 1-3.

Resources

Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity (Cambridge)

Gosta Esping-Anderson, Politics Against Markets (Princeton)

Gosta Esping-Anderson, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (UK: Polity Press, 1990)

Peter Flora and Arnold Heidenheimer, The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1981)

Hugh Heclo, Social Politics in Britain and Sweden, Yale, 1974.

Jytte Klausen, War and Welfare. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Barbara Kopple, Harlan County, USA (movie)

Walter Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983.

Abram de Swaan, In Care of the State (London: Polity, 1988)

Richard Titmuss, Social Policy: An Introduction, and RT: Philosophy of Welfare

Harold Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.

October 7: Reading Week

October 16: Feminist Critiques: Citizenship, Inclusivity [Chaim-food]

· Carole Pateman, “The Patriarchical Welfare State,” (in Pierson and Castles, pages 133-149)

· Ann Shola Orloff, “Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of State Policies and Gender Relations,” American Sociological Review, 58:3, 1993, pp. 303-328.

· Trudie Knijn and Monique Kremer, “Gender and the Caring Dimension of Welfare States: Toward Inclusive Citizenship,” Social Politics, Fall 1997, pp. 328-361.

· Barbara Hobson, “No Exit, No Voice,” Acta Sociologica 33:3, 1990, pp. 235-250

· Linda Brush, “Changing the Subject: Gender and Welfare Regime Studies,” Social Politics 9:2, Summer 2002, pp. 162-186

· Arguments about the ideology of ‘dependency’

o Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, “A Geneology of Dependency,” Signs 19:2, Winter 1994, pp. 309-336.

o Diane Sainsbury, “Women’s and Men’s Social rights,” pp. 150-187 in Diane Sainsbury, ed., Gendering Welfare States, Sage 1994 -or- Diane Sainsbury, “Gender, Policy regimes, and Politics,” pp. 245- 275 in Diane Sainsbury, ed., Gender and Welfare State Regimes, Oxford 1999

o Virginia Sapiro, “The Gender Basis of American Social Policy,” pp. 36-54 in Linda Gordon, ed., Women the State and Welfare

October 23: Women vs/and Men in Labor Markets [Nina, Eunjoo; Nathan-Food]

• Some history (see also the Goldin readings below): Dora L. Costa, “From Mill Town to Board Room: The Rise of Women’s Paid Labor,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14:4, Fall 2000, pp. 101–122

· Mary Daly, “A Fine Balance: Women's Labour Market Participation in International Comparison,” pp. 467-510 in Fritz Scharpf and Vivienne Schmidt (eds.), From Vulnerability to Competitiveness: Welfare and Work in the Open Economy.

· Bernhard Ebbinghaus, “Any Way Out of ‘Exit From Work’,” pp 511-553 in Scharpf and Schmidt (eds.), Welfare and Work in the Open Economy Vol 2.

· Mary Ruggie, The State and Working Women, ch. 1-2.

• Suzanne Mettler, “Dividing Social Citizenship by Gender: The Implementation of Unemployment Insurance and Aid to Dependent Children, 1935–1950,” Studies in American Political Development 12, Fall 1998, pp. 303–342.

Recommended /resources

Many interesting articles can be found here: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/archive.htm. A searchable index to these articles can be found here: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/index.txt. Look under “women.”

Jill Quadagno, “Race, Class, and Gender in the U.S. Welfare State: Nixon's Failed Family Assistance Plan,” American Sociological Review 55:1, February 1990, pp. 11-28 (JSTOR).

Ruth Milkman, Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex during World War II

Claudia Goldin, “The Work and Wages of Single Women, 1870-1920,” The Journal of Economic History 40:1, March1980, pp. 81-88. (JSTOR)

Mariko Lin Chang, “The Evolution of Sex Segregation Regimes,” American Journal of Sociology, 105:6, May 2000, pp. 1658-1701 (JSTOR).

Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz, “Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women’s Career and Marriage Decisions,” Journal of Political Economy 110:4, 2002, pp. 730-770 infotrac

Marisa DiNatale, “The labor force experience of women from ‘Generation X’,” Monthly Labor Review March 2002, pp. 1-15

Janet C. Gornick et al. “Supporting the Employment of Mothers: Policy Variation across Fourteen Welfare States,” Journal of European Social Policy 7:1, pp. 45–70 (or see: Janet C. Gornick, Marcia K. Meyer and Katherin E. Ross “Public Policies and the Employment of Mothers: A Cross-National Study” Social Science Quarterly 79:1, March 1998, pp. 35-54)

October 30: Three related issue areas: Childcare, Housing and Pensions [Nina, Lindsay; Eunjoo-Food]

· Jet Bussemaker, “Rationales of Care in Contemporary Welfare States: The Case of Childcare in the Netherlands,” Social Politics, 5:1, Spring 1998, pp. 70-96.

· Francis Castles, “The Really Big Trade-Off: Home Ownership and the Welfare State in the New World and the Old,” Acta Politica, 33, 1998, pp. 5–19

· Jim Kemeny “The Really Big Trade-Off” between Home Ownership and Welfare: Castles' Evaluation of the 1980 Thesis, and a Reformulation 25 Years on,” Theory and Society 22:2, June 2005, pp. 59 - 75

· Julia O'Connor, Ann Shola Orloff, and Sheila Shaver, States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism, and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999). Ch TBA

· John Myles and Paul Pierson, “The Comparative Political Economy of Pension Reform.” Ch. 10 in Paul Pierson (ed.), The New Politics of the Welfare State

Recommended:

· Mary Ruggie, The State and Working Women, ch. 5-6.

Resources

Jane Lewis, ed., Lone Mothers in European Welfare State Regimes. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1997

Seth Koven, and Sonya Michel eds., Mothers of a New World. New York: Routledge, 1993.

O'Connor, Julia S., Ann Shola Orloff, Sheila Shaver. States, Markets, Families. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999

Susan Pedersen, Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914-1945 Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Mary Ruggie, Realignments in the Welfare State: Health Policy in the United States, Britain, and Canada, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.

Diane Sainsbury, Gender Equality and Welfare States. Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Lise Vogel, Mothers on the Job: Maternity Policy in the U.S. Workplace. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press 1993

Rianne Mahon, “Gender and Welfare State Restructuring Through the Lens of Child Care,” pp. 1-27 in Child Care Policy at the Crossroads. Gender and Welfare State Restructuring, edited by Sonya Michel and Rianne Mahon.

Vicky Randall, “Childcare Policy in the European States: Limits to Convergence,” Journal of European Public Policy 7:3, September 2000, pp. 346-368

Anne Daguerre, “Policy Networks in England and France: The Case of Child Care Policy 1980-1989,”Journal of European Public Policy 7:2, June 2000, pp. 244-261

Francis Castles, Maurizio Ferrera, “Home Ownership and the Welfare State: is Southern Europe Different?” South European Society and Politics 1, 1996, pp. 163–185.

Anne H. Gauthier, “Public Policies Affecting Fertility and Families in Europe: A Survey of the 15 Member States,” Paper prepared for the European Observatory on Family Matters; Annual Seminar 2000

Juan Antonio Fernández Cordón and Giovanni Sgritta, “The Southern Countries of the European Union: a Paradox?” Paper prepared for the European Observatory on Family Matters; Annual Seminar 2000

November 6: What went Wrong: Externally caused crises & the collapse of Fordism? [Sam, Nathan, Chaim; Nina-Food]

· Globalization (Yes): “Round up the Usual Suspects! Globalization, Domestic Politics and Welfare State Change,” pp. 17-44 (ch. 1) in Paul Pierson, ed., New Politics of the Welfare State, PDF version (3527 kb)

· Globalization? (Maybe): Richard Clayton and Jonas Pontusson, “Welfare-state Retrenchment Revisited - Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring, and Inegalitarian trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies.” World Politics 51 (1), 67- (1998).

· Globalization? (No): Geoffrey Garrett, “Capital Mobility, Trade, and the Domestic Politics of Economic Policy.” International Organization 49 (1996), 657-87.

· Globalization? (No): Torben Iversen, “The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion: Trade Openness, De-industrialization, and Partisan Politics.” Ch. 2 in Paul Pierson (ed), The New Politics of the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2001.

· New actors, policy feedback: Paul Pierson, “The New Politics of the Welfare State.” World Politics 48 (2), 143-79 (1993).

· Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, “Welfare State Retrenchment: Quantitative Evidence.” Ch. 6 in Huber and Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State.

· Martin Rhodes, “The Political Economy of Social Pacts.” Ch. 6 in Paul Pierson (ed), The New Politics of the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2001.

• Emmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty, Income Inequality in the US, 1913-1998,” NBER working paper #8467.

Resources

 Anne Bohlen, The Global Assembly Line [videorecording]

November 13: What Went Wrong: Domestic (sic) Crises? [Eunjoo; Chaim-Food]

· The Rise of the Service Economy: Torben Iversen and Anne Wren, “Equality, Employment, and Budgetary Restraint: The Trilemma of the Service Economy,” World Politics, 50:4, 1998, pp. 507-546.

· Policy Feedbacks and Aging: Paul Pierson, pp. (Ch. 3) in Paul Pierson, ed., New Politics of the Welfare State, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001

· Changing Families: Chiara Saraceno, “Family Change, Family Policies, and the Restructuring of Welfare,” in OECD, Family, Market, and Community: Equity and Efficiency in Social Policy, Social Policy Studies #21, pp. 81-99.

• All of these: Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) ch. 3-4.

· Nothing new under the sun: Richard M Titmuss, Essays on “The welfare state,” London: Allen & Unwin, 1958, ch 1, 2, 5, 6

· Alan Wolfe, Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation, ch 5-6 (available as ‘e-book’)

Recommended/resources

Vic George and Peter Taylor-Gooby, European Welfare Policy (Policy Press).

Christopher Howard, The Hidden Welfare State: Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997

Huber and Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State (Chicago)

Desmond King, Actively Seeking Work? The Politics of Unemployment and Welfare Policy in the United States and Great Britain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995

Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State: Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Paul Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)

Martin Rhodes (ed.), Southern European Welfare States (Frank Cass, 1997).

Diane Sainsbury (ed.) Gendering Welfare States, Sage, 1994.

Fritz W. Scharpf and Vivien A. Schmidt, ed., Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, Vol 1: From Vulnerability to Competitiveness (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)

Scharpf and Schmidt, ed., Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, Vol 2: Diverse Response to Common Challenges in Twelve Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

November 20: Thanksgiving Holiday

November 30: Welfare and production strategies: beyond the fordism debate, but ignoring the feminist debate [Lindsay-Food]

· Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, ch 5 in Development and Crisis

· Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (eds.), Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (2001), “Introduction.” Then:

o Isabela Mares, “Firms and the Welfare State: When, Why and How Does Social Policy Matter to Employers?” Ch. 5 in Peter Hall and David Soskice (eds.),

o Margarita Estevez-Abe, Torben Iversen and David Soskice, “Social Protection and the Formation of Skills: A Reinterpretation of the Welfare State.” Ch. 4 in Hall and Soskice

o Kathleen Thelen, “Varieties of Labor Politics in the Developed Democracies.” Ch. 2 in Hall and Soskice.

· A skeptical look: Mark Blyth, “Same as It Never Was?” New Political Economy 1:2, July 2003, pp. 215-225

December 4: Irresistible Reform Meets Immoveable Interests [Eunjoo-Food]

· Paul Pierson, “Coping with Permanent Austerity: Welfare State Restructuring in Affluent Democracies.” Ch. 13 in Paul Pierson (ed), The New Politics of the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2001.

· John Myles and Paul Pierson. 1997. “Friedman's Revenge: The Reform of ''Liberal'' Welfare States in Canada and the United States” Politics and Society 25 (4), 443-472 (1997)

· Jonah D. Levy, “Vice into Virtue? Progressive Politics and Welfare Reform in Continental Europe.” Politics and Society 27 (2), 239-273 (1999).

· Philip Manow and Eric Seils, “Adjusting Badly: The German Welfare State, Structural Change, and the Open Economy.” Ch. 6 in Fritz Scharpf and Vivien Schmidt (eds.), Welfare and Work in the Open Economy, Vol. 2.

· Susan Giaimo and Philip Manow, “Adapting the Welfare State: The Case of Health Care Reform in Britain, Germany, and the United States.” Comparative Political Studies, 32 (1999), pp. 967-1000.

· We need something on immigrants and welfare but I don’t have anything right now

Resources:

Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, “Internationalization and the Social Democratic Model,” Comparative Political Studies, 31, 1998, pp. 353-97.