- "Intra- and interbreed
genetic variations of mitochondrial DNA major non-coding regions in
Japanese native dog breeds (Canis familiaris)" by N Okumura,
N Ishiguro, M Nakano, A Matsui, and M Sahara. In: Animal Genetics,
December 1996, volume 27, issue 6, pg 397-405. Major non-coding regions
of mitochondrial DNA were amplified through polymerase chain reamplification
from 73 dogs of 8 Japanese dog breeds and 21 dogs of 16 non-Japanese
breeds. Phylogenetic analysis calculated back approximately 100,000
years showed that the Japanese dog breeds cannot be clearly shown to
be distinct breeds through this angle of analysis.
- The Atlas of Dog
Breeds of the World by Bonnie Wilcox and Chris Walkowicz. TFH
Publications; 5th edition, 1995. A survey of over 500 breeds of dog,
including many spitzes, with excellent photography.
- "Genetic variants
of hemoglobin in canine erythrocytes" by Y Tanabe, T Omi, and K
Ota. In: Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics,
1978, vol 9, p 79-83. This study found that a single autosomal locus
of two codominant alleles, HbA and HbB, controlled the phenotypic variation
of hemoglobin in dogs. Of 37 breeds studied, all dogs of non-Japanese
breeds were homozygous for HbB; the HbA allele appeared only in six
native Japanese breeds (Akita,
Hokkaido, Kishu,
Ryukyu, Sanshu
and Shiba), with the Shikoku
being the only exception among native Japanese breeds tested.
- "Genetic variants
of glucose phosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.9) in canine erythrocytes"
by Y Tanabe, T Omi and K Ota. In: Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical
Genetics, 1977, vol 8, p 191-195. Canine erythrocytes were examined
using starch gel electrophoresis. A polymorphism of glucose phosphate
isomerase was found, with phenotypic variation controlled by one autosomal
locus with two codominant alleles, GPIA and GPIB. Of 37 breeds tested,
4 Japanese breeds, including the Shikoku, were homozygous for GPIB,
5 non-Japanese Asian breeds and a single Dalmatian were heterozygous
GPIA/GPIB, and all other dogs were homozygous for GPIA.
- "Genetic polymorphism
of eserine resistant esterases in canine plasma" by G Sugiura,
Y Tanabe and K Ota. In: Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics,
1977, vol 8, p 121-126. A study of six plasma eserine resistant esterase
phenotypes in 1438 dogs of 38 breeds. The authors found that the phenotypic
variations were controlled by three codominant alleles, which they named
ESA, ESB and ESC. ESB was common in most of the breeds, while ESC was
seen only in the Akita, the
Shikoku, the Hokkaido, Shinshu-
and Mino-Shibas and "a
spitz dog"; ESA was uncommon in Japanese breeds, but found more
often in European dogs.
- Nihonken Taikan
by Shiro Itagaki. Seibundo Shinkosha, 1953 (reprinted in 1987). The
title translates as "A Manual of the Japanese Dog"; the author
was one of the founders of Nippo (Nippon Inu Hozonkai) the association
formed in 1928 for the purpose of protecting the native dogs of Japan
and which set forth the first standards for these breeds. In Japanese.
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