- "Congenital oesophageal
stricture in a Japanese shiba inu" by E Fox, K Lee, CR Lamb, J
Rest, SJ Baines, and D Brockman. In: Journal of Small Animal Practice,
23 August 2007. Case report on an 11-week-old Shiba with a history of
intermittent regurgitation found to have a congenital esophageal stricture;
the stricture was corrected with surgery and the puppy proceeded to
develop normally.
- "Prognostic factors
associated with survival in dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis"
by K Ohno, S Konishi, S Kobayashi, K Nakashima, A Setoguchi, Y Fujino,
H Nakayama and H Tsujimoto. In: Journal of Veterinary Medical
Science, September 2006, volume 68, p 929-33. Report on a retrospective
case record study of 48 dogs diagnosed with lymphocytic-pasmacytic enteritis,
of whom 32 survived, was used to identify factors that could be used
to predict survival. Shiba Inus were found to be disproportionately
represented among those who did not survive.
- "Incidence of canine
glaucoma with goniodysplasia in Japan: a retrospective study" by
K Kato, N Sasaki, S Matsunaga, R Nishimura, and H Ogawa. In: Journal
of Veterinary Medical Science, August 2006, volume 68, p 853-8.
1,244 dogs of 29 breeds, including mixed breeds, were examined using
tonometry and gonioscopy. Glaucoma was diagnosed in 127 dogs, with Shiba
Inus showing the highest incidence (42 dogs, 33% of those examined),
indicating a possible hereditary predisposition to glaucoma.
- "Possible association
of glaucoma with pectinate ligament dysplasia and narrowing of the iridocorneal
angle in Shiba Inu dogs in Japan" by K Kato, N Sasaki, S Matsunaga,
M Mochizuki, R Nichimura, and H Ogawa. In: Veterinary Opththalmology,
March-April 2006, volume 9, issue 2, pg 71-5. Of 114 Shibas seen at
the University of Tokyo Veterinary Medical Center, 46 had glaucoma,
while the other 68 came for routine care. Using the latter group as
a control, complete opththalmic examinations and gonioscopy were done
on all the dogs. Study results suggest that narrowing of the iridocorneal
angle and thicking of the pectinate ligament are common abnormalities
in Shibas in Japan and may predispose them to glaucoma.
- "Use of amnion and
placenta in neonatal screening for canin GM1-gangliosidosis and the
risk of diagnostic misclassifications" by O Yamato, EO Jo, H Satoh,
T Yamauchi, A Kobayashi, M Yamasaki and Y Maede. In: Veterinary
Clinical Pathology, March 2006, volume 35, p 91-4. This study
to determine the usefulness of amnion and placenta for neonatal screening
or diagnosis for canine GM-1 gangliosidosis, using a breeding colony
of Shiba dogs with the disorder, found the DNA from the amnion (but
not the placenta) was useful for genotyping.
- "Canine tyrosine hydroxylase
(TH) gene and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene: their sequences,
genetic polymorphisms, and diversities among give different dog breeds"
by Y Takeuchi, C Hashizume, EM Chon, Y Momazawa, K Masuda, T Kikusui,
and Y Mori. In: Journal of Veterinary Medical Science,
September 2005, volume 67, p 861-7. To grossly simplify: In this study
seeking the genetic background of canine behavioral traits, genes regulating
catecholamine neurotransmitters in dogs were sequenced and found to
be very much like their counterparts in humans. Significant variations
in allelic frequencies for single nucleotide polymorphisms were found
among five dog breeds examined (Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers,
Maltese, Miniature
Schnauzers, and Shiba Inus), with two found only in the Shiba. The authors
speculate that the polymorphisms of the genes controlling catecholamine
biosynthetic enzymes could be used to examine the genes regulating behavioral
characteristics in dogs.
- "Shiba Inu: The King
and You" by unknown author. In: Dog Fancy, February
2005. Featured breed profile article and cover dog.
- "Identification of
an cysteine-to-arginine substitution caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism
in the canine monoamine oxidase B gene" by C Hashizume, K Masuda,
Y Momozawa, T Kikusui, Y Ktakeuchi, and Y Mori. In: Journal of
Veterinary Medical Science, February 2005, volume 67, p 199-201.
A single nucleotide polymophism causing an amino acid substitution from
cysteine to arginine was located on the canine monoamine oxidase B gene.
Five breeds (Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, Maltese, Miniature
Schnauzers, and Shiba Inus) were examined to identify allelic frequencies,
and significant variation was found among the breeds. The authors suggest
analysis of the monoamine oxidase B pormorphism could be useful in studying
genetic basis for breed-specific behavior in dogs.
- Canine Inherited
Disorders Database, "Shiba
Inu" by Alice Crook, BSc, DVM, Brian Hill, DVM, MS, DACVIM,
and Sue Dawson, BA, PhD. Joint project of the Sir James Dunn Animal
Welfare Centre at the Atlantic Veterinary College, the University of
Prince Edward Island, and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association,
1998, rev 2004. This website is included as a rare electronic resource
in this bibliography generally confined to print resources because it
is authoritative, timely, and important. A listing of genetic diseases
to which the breed is prone.
- "Rapid and simple
mutation screening of G(M1) gangliosidosis in Shiba dogs by direct amplification
of deozyribonucleic acid from various forms of canine whole-blood specimens"
by O Yamato, EO Jo, T Shoda, M Yamasaki and Y Maede. In: Journal
of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, September 2004, p 469-72.
Description of a method that can be used for screening DNA of Shiba
Inus for G(M1) gangliosidosis, a hereditary problem found in the breed.
- "Comparison of polymerase
chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and enzyme
assay for diagnosis of G(M1)-gangliosidosis in Shiba dogs" by O
Yamato, A Kobayashi, H Satoh, D Endoh, T Shoda, Y Masuoka, A Hatakeyama,
EO Jo, T Asano, M Yonemura, M Yamasaki, and Y Maede. In: Journal
of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, July 2004, volume 16,
p 299-304. A study of diagnostic methods for identifying canine G(M1)-gangliosidosis,
using 62 Shiba Inus.
- Japanese Dogs: Akita,
Shiba, and Other Breeds by Michiko Chiba, Yuichi Tanabe, Takashi
Tojo and Tsutomu Muraoka. Kodansha, 2003. An introduction to breeds
developed in Japan, including the Shiba Inu.
- "Clinical and clinical-pathologic
characteristics of Shiba dogs with a deficiency of lsosomal acid beta-galactosidase:
a canine model of human GM1 gangliosidosis" by O Yamato, Y Masuoka,
M Yonemura, A Hatakeyama, H Satoh, A Kobayashi, M Nakayama, T Asano,
T Shoda, M Yamasaki, K Ochioai, T Omemura, and Y Maede. In: Journal
of Veterinary Medical Science, February 2003, volume 65, p 213-7.
A study of disease progression in 10 Shiba Inus homozygous for GM1 gangliosidosis.
- "A novel mutation
in the gene for canine acid beta-galactosidase that causes GM1-gangliosidosis
in Shiba dogs" by O Yamato, D Endoh, A Kobayashi, Y Masuoka, M
Yonemura, A Hatakeyama, H Satoh, M Tahima, M Yamasaki, and Y Maede.
In: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, October 2002,
volume 25, p 525-6. Report of the identification of a homozygous
recessive mutation causing GM1-gangliosidosis in Shiba Inus.
- "Breed differences
in allele frequency of the dopamine receptor D4 gene in dogs" by
Y Niimi, M Inoue-Murayama, K Kato, N Matsuura, Y Murayama, S Ito, Y
Momoi, K Konno, and T Iwasaki. In: Journal of Heredity,
September-October 2001, volume 92, p 433-6. Report on the assessment
of diversity of allelic variations in dopamine receptor DR among four
breeds of dog (Beagle, Golden Retriever, Shetland Sheepdog, and Shiba
Inu). The results suggest analysis of the dopamine receptor DR polymporphism
could be useful in determining relationships among breeds of dog.
- "Genetic variability
in East Asian dogs using microsatellite loci analysis" by KS Kim,
Y Tanabe, CK Park, and JH Ha. In: Journal of Heredity,
September-October 2001, volume 92, p 398-403. DNA analysis was performed
on 213 dogs of 11 breeds native to East Asia. The authors conclude that
the Shiba, with its closest relative, the Kishu Inu, formed a base branch
from which the other breeds in the study descended. The Shiba was found
to have the lowest genetic diversity among the breeds studied, perhaps
due to genetic isolation caused by its smaller size.
- "GM1 gangliosidosis
in shiba dogs" by O Yamato, K Ochiai, Y Masuoka, E Hayashida, M
Tajima, S Omae, M Iijima, T Umemura, and Y Maede. In: Veterinary
Record, 22 April 2000, volume 146, p 493-6. A 6-month-old Shiba
with progressive motor dysfunction was found to have distended neurons
packed with membranous cytoplasmic bodies throughout the central nervous
system. The compound in the brain was GM1 ganglioside, and the beta-galactosidase
in the puppy's leukocytes and liver were less than 2% of normal. Necrosis
of a sibling who died as a newborn found a beta-galactosidase deficiency
in the brain and viscera. A subsequent family study revealed the parents
had about half the normal beta-galactosidase activity; the authors posit
an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance of the disorder.
- "Allelic variation
of the D4 dopamine receptor polymorphic region in two dog breeds, Golden
retriever and Shiba" by Y Niimi, M Inoue-Murayama, Y Murayama,
S Ito, and T Iawasaki. In: Journal of Veterinary Medical Science,
December, 1999, volume 61, p 1281-6. The D4 dopamine receptor polymorphic
region, believed to be related to the novelty-seeking personality trait
in humans, was examined in 34 dogs, Golden Retrievers and Shiba Inus,
and DNA sequencing performed. Allele variations were identified within
the breeds, but more significantly between breeds, suggesting that analysis
of this polymorphism could be used to understand breed differences in
behavior.
- "Evaluation of microcytosis
in 18 Shibas" by JL Gookin, SE Bunch, LJ Rush, and CB Grindem.
In: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
15 April 1998, volume 212, issue 8, pg 1258-9. Evaluation of blood and
serum samples from 18 Shibas led the authors to the conclusion that
microcytosis is a typical finding in Shibas. Since the Akita
is also predisposed to microcytosis, and since the breeds have a common
origin, the authors posit a hereditary basis for microcytosis.
- "Incidence of dogs
possessing red blood cells with high K in Japan and East Asia"
by Hiroshi Fujise, Kazunari Higa, Takahiro Nakayama, Kayoko Wada, Hideharu
Ochiai and Tanabe Tuichi. In: The Journal of Veterinary Medical
Science, June 1997, vol. 59, ps 495-497. Report of a study in
which an autosomal recessive genetic defect resulting in high levels
of potassium in red blood cells (hyperkalemia) was found in 10 of 13
Japanese dog breeds or populations. The San-in-Shiba and Shinshu-Shiba
were among the breeds carrying this defect, which can result in a tendency
to hemolysis and can have life-threatening consequences in case of transfusion.
- "Analysis of phylogenic
relationships among the Asian 8 dog breeds (Canis familiaris) through
randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Korean Journal of Genetics,
June 1997, vol 19. DNA testing allowed researchers to divide Asian breeds
into four familial groups, with the Shiba a group all its own.
- "Heredity of red blood
cells with high K and low glutathione (HK/LG) and high K and high glutathione
(HK/HG) in a family of Japanese Shiba Dogs" by H Fujise, N Hishiyama,
and H Ochiai. Experimental Animals, January 1997, vol
46, p 41-46. Testing of potassium and glutathione levels in a family
of 81 Shibas suggests the family (and the breed?) had a very high incidence
of homozygosity in recessive genes controlling the phenotypes for sodium,
potassium, and glutathione.
- "Intra- and interbreed
genetic variations of mitochondrial DNA major non-coding regions in
Japanese native dog breeds (Canis familiaris)" by N Okumura,
N Ishiguro, M Nakano, A Matsui, and M Sahara. In: Animal Genetics,
December 1996, volume 27, issue 6, pg 397-405. Major non-coding regions
of mitochondrial DNA were amplified through polymerase chain reamplification
from 73 dogs of 8 Japanese dog breeds and 21 dogs of 16 non-Japanese
breeds. Phylogenetic analysis calculated back approximately 100,000
years showed that the Japanese dog breeds cannot be clearly shown to
be distinct breeds through this angle of analysis.
- "Differences of phenotype
and gene frequency by C system in canine species" by R Usui, J
Hirota, T Oyamada, and S Ikemoto. In: Journal of Veterinary Medical
Science, April 1995, volume 57, issue 2, pg 279-80. Canine blood
group C phenotype and frequency were established in 377 dogs, including
224 purebreds of 29 breeds, bred in Utsunomiya-city in Japan's Tochigi
Prefecture. All breeds showed a greater frequency of c phenotype than
of C phenotype, but a variation in frequency was observed among breeds.
The Shiba was among the breeds most likely to have group C blood.
- The Atlas of Dog
Breeds of the World by Bonnie Wilcox and Chris Walkowicz. TFH
Publications; 5th edition, 1995. A survey of over 500 breeds of dog,
including many spitzes, with excellent photography.
- "Breed differences
in the phenotype and gene frequencies in canine D blood group system"
by H Ejima, K Nomura, and RW Bull. In: Journal of Veterinary Medical
Science, August 1994, volume 56, issue 4, pg 623-6. Canine blood
group D phenotype and frequency were establishedi n 3,191 dogs of many
breeds. The researchers found that the D1 phenotype was higher in native
Japanese breeds than in non-Japanese breeds, with the interesting exceptions
that the [non-Japanese] Afghan
Hound had a frequency equal to that of the [Japanese] Shiba, and
the [Japanese] Tosa had a frequency lower than that of the [non-Japanese]
Maltese.
- Eyewitness Handbooks:
Dogs: The Visual Guide to Over 300 Dog Breeds From Around the World
by David Alderton, photography by Tracy Morgan. DK, 1993. Capsule introductions
to many breeds, including the Shiba, with photographs: something of
a dog-watcher's guide with no detailed information.
- "Abnormal structure
of the canine oncogene, related to the human c-yes-1 oncogene, in canine
mammary tumor tissue" by N Miyoshi, S Tateyama, K Ogawa, R Yamaguchi,
H Kuroda, N Yasuda, and T Shimizu. In: American Journal of Veterinary
Research, December 1991, volume 52, p 2046-9.
- "Hereditary high-potassium
erythrocytes with high Na, K-ATPase activity in Japanese Shiba dogs"
by Y Maede, Y Amano, A Nishida, T Murase, A Sasaki and M Inaba. In:
Research in Veterinary Science, January 1991, volume 50, issue
1, pg 123-5. The blood of 103 dogs of 25 breeds was examined for sodium
and potassium concentrations, as well as K-ATPase enzyme activity. Eleven
of 24 Shibas had high potassium and low sodium levels together with
high enzyme activity; all the other dogs showed low potassium and high
sodium concentrations with no enzyme activity. The authors conclude
their results suggest that the gene for high-potassium red blood cells
may be inherent in Japanese native dogs with a particular concentration
in Shibas.
- "Discriminant analysis
of the sexual differences in the skeletons in Shiba dogs (Canis familiaris)
[title translated] by S Onodera, N Shigehara, M Eto. In: Kaibogaku
Zasshi, February 1987, volume 62, p 19-32. In Japanese.
- "Genetic control of
glycolipid expression" by T Yamakawa, A Suzuki, and Y Hashimoto.
In: Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 15 December 1986,
volume 42, issue 1-3, pg 75-90. This review articles notes that researchers
analyzing glycolipids in the erythrocytes of a family of Shibas found
that the expression of sialosyllactosylceramide containing N-glycolylneuraminic
acid was an autosomal dominant trait. I'm not altogether sure if this
matters or not to Shiba breeders or owners.
- A Celebration of
Rare Breeds, Volume I by Cathy J. Flamholtz. OTR, 1986. Capsule
descriptions of a number of rare breeds, including the Shiba.
- Puppies III
by Mitsuaki Iwago. Heian, 1984. Full-page color photos and brief descriptions
of several breeds of puppy, including the Shiba Inu.
- Bogen om Spidshunde
by Linda Sørensen. Clausen Bøger, 1983. Introduction and
owner's manual to dogs of the Spitz family, including the Shiba Inu.
In Danish.
- "Difference in form
of sialic acid in red blood cell glycolipids of different breeds of
dogs" by S Yasue, S Handa, S Miyagawa, J Inoue, A Hasegawa and
T Yamakawa. In: Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo), April
1978, volume 83, issue 4, pg 1101-7. Hematosides of erythrocytes from
31 mixed-breed dogs and 108 dogs of 23 breeds were analysed through
thin-layer and gas chromatogrpahy. Two hematosides were found, of which
it was determined that N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (NGN) was genetically
dominant over N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NAN). Of the breeds tested,
all breeds of European origin were found to have the NAN form of hematoside,
despite the genetic dominance of NGN; most Shibas tested had NGN, as
did some Kais, Kishus
and Chins, and a few mixed-breed dogs.
- "Genetic variants
of glucose phosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.9) in canine erythrocytes"
by Y Tanabe, T Omi and K Ota. In: Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical
Genetics, 1977, vol 8, p 191-195. Canine erythrocytes were examined
using starch gel electrophoresis. A polymorphism of glucose phosphate
isomerase was found, with phenotypic variation controlled by one autosomal
locus with two codominant alleles, GPIA and GPIB. Of 37 breeds tested,
4 Japanese breeds, including San'in- and Shinshu-Shibas, were homozygous
for GPIB, 5 non-Japanese Asian breeds and a single Dalmatian were heterozygous
GPIA/GPIB, and all other dogs were homozygous for GPIA.
- "Genetic polymorphism
of eserine resistant esterases in canine plasma" by G Sugiura,
Y Tanabe and K Ota. In: Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics,
1977, vol 8, p 121-126. A study of six plasma eserine resistant esterase
phenotypes in 1438 dogs of 38 breeds. The authors found that the phenotypic
variations were controlled by three codominant alleles, which they named
ESA, ESB and ESC. ESB was common in most of the breeds, while ESC was
seen only in the Akita, the
Shikoku, the Hokkaido,
Shinshu- and Mino-Shibas and "a spitz dog"; ESA was uncommon
in Japanese breeds, but found more often in European dogs.
- Nihonken Taikan
by Shiro Itagaki. Seibundo Shinkosha, 1953 (reprinted in 1987). The
title translates as "A Manual of the Japanese Dog"; the author
was one of the founders of Nippo (Nippon Inu Hozonkai) the association
formed in 1928 for the purpose of protecting the native dogs of Japan
and which set forth the first standards for these breeds. In Japanese.
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