- "Blood, Sweat and
Cheers to Study Hypothyroidism". In: Dog World, December
2008, volume 93, issue 12, pg 8. Short article on the "Blood, Sweat
and Cheers" campaign to collect blood from healthy Keeshonden,
Alaskan Malamutes and Samoyeds
to determine breed-specific normal thyroid levels for these breeds,
which may have a lower "normal" level of thyroid hormone than
other dogs in general, resulting in healthy dogs of these breeds being
removed from breeding programs and receiving unneeded medications.
- Biochemical Investigation
of Inherited Chondrodysplasia in Alaskan Malamutes by Gordon
Neil Hoag.
- Canine Inherited
Disorders Database, "Alaskan
Malamute" by Alice Crook, BSc, DVM, Brian Hill, DVM, MS, DACVIM,
and Sue Dawson, BA, PhD. Joint project of the Sir James Dunn Animal
Welfare Centre at the Atlantic Veterinary College, the University of
Prince Edward Island, and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association,
1998, rev 2004. This website listing of genetic diseases to which the
breed is prone is included as a rare electronic resource in this bibliography
generally confined to print resources because it is authoritative, timely,
and important.
- "Juvenile laryngeal
paralysis in three Siberian Husky x Alaskan Malamute puppies" by
ZS Polizopoulou, AF Koutinas, GC Papadopoulos and MN Saridomichelakis.
In: The Vetinary Record, 15 November 2003, vol 153, p
624-627. Three three-month old puppies from a single litter showed a
depletion of motor neurons, neuronal degeneration and mild gliosis,
resulting in laryngeal paralysis.
- "Retrospective evaluation
of sex hormones and steroid hormone intermediates in dogs with alopecia"
by LA Frank, KA Hnilica, BW Rohrbach and JW Oliver. In: Veterinary
Dermatology, April 2003, vol 14, p 91-97. Report of a seven-and-a-half-year
study to determine if steroid hormone aberrations are involved with
alopecia in dogs who do not have hypothyroidism or hyperadrenocosticism.
276 dogs of 54 breeds were tested, and 73% had at least one steroid
hormone level higher than the normal range. Of these, Keeshonden,
Pomeranians and Siberian
Huskies stood out with a high incidence of aberrant results, while
the breeds with the lowest incidence of elevated hormone levels were
Chow Chows, Samoyeds
and Malamutes. The authors conclude that alopecia may not be connected
to steroid hormone levels.
- Complete Owner's
Manual to the Northern Breeds by Margaret H. Bonham. Barrons,
2001. An introduction to the spitz breeds of the Northern type.
- The Atlas of Dog
Breeds of the World by Bonnie Wilcox and Chris Walkowicz. TFH
Publications; 5th edition, 1995. A survey of over 500 breeds of dog,
including many spitzes, with excellent photography.
- Eyewitness Handbooks:
Dogs: The Visual Guide to Over 300 Dog Breeds From Around the World
by David Alderton, photography by Tracy Morgan. DK, 1993. Capsule introductions
to many breeds, including the Alaskan Malamute, with photographs: something
of a dog-watcher's guide with no detailed information.
- "Genetic polymorphism
and close linkage of two plasma protein loci in dogs" by RK Juneja
and T Shibata. In: Animal Genetics, 1992, volume 23, issue
2, pg 143-50. Two codominant, autosomal alleges (F and S) were found
in a study of an unidentified plasma protein (PA4) in 967 dogs of 43
breeds. Interestingly, many middle- and north-eastern Asian breeds (Akita,
Alaskan Malamute, Chow Chow,
Samoyed, Siberian
Husky, and Tibetan Terrier) showed a substantial frequency of the
S allele, while a majority of European breeds carried only the F allele.
The PA4 locus was found to be closely linked to the plasma pretransferrin
1 locus (PRT1), but the significance of this protein remained to be
determined.
- "Chondrodysplasia
in the Alaskan Malamute. Characterization of protoglycans dissociatively
extracted from dwarf growth plates" by SA Bingel, RD Sande and
TN Wight. In: Laboratory Investigation: A Journal of Technical
Methods and Pathology, October 1985, volume 53, issue 4, pg
479-85. Analysis from this study comparing dwarf with normal Alaskan
Malamutes indicates the extracellular matrices of dwarf growth plates
may be of a less mature extracellular cartilage matrix than those of
age-matched normal dogs.
- Bogen om Spidshunde
by Linda Sørensen. Clausen Bøger, 1983. Introduction and
owner's manual to dogs of the Spitz family, including the Alaskan Malamute.
In Danish.
- "Dwarfism in the Alaskan
Malamute: Ultrastructural features of dwarf growth plate chondrocytes"
by SA Bingel, RD Sande and J Newbrey. In: Calcified Tissue International,
1983, volume 35, issue 2, pg 216-24. Growth plates from age-matched
dward and homozygous normal Alaskan Malamutes were compared.
- "Chondrodysplasia
in the Alaskan Malamute: involvement of arteries, as well as bone and
blood" by T Terpin and MR Roach. In: American Journal of
Veterinary Research, November 1981, volume 42, issue 11, pg
1865-73.
- "Alaskan Malamute
chondrodysplasia--VII. Isolation and characterization of copper, zinc
and iron binding proteins in Canis familiaris" by PA McBride-Warren,
RG Brown, and J McCutcheon. In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,
B, 1979, volume 64, issue 2, pg 187-93. A disturbance in trace
mineral metabolism has been found in Malamutes. In this study, a major
copper-inducible protein observed in mixed-breed dogs could not be induced
in normal or chondrodysplasic Malamutes.
- "Alaskan Malamute
chondrodysplasia--VIII. Incorporation of [14C] glucosamine and [3H]serine
in hepatic metal-binding proteins of Canis familiaris" by PA McBride-Warren,
J McCutcheon and RG Brown. In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,
B, 1979, volume 63, issue 4, pg 569-76. Hepatic proteins isolated
from Alaskan Malamutes showed the Malamutes' proteins to have fewer
binding sites for zinc than for copper or iron, while the same proteins
isolated from a control group of mixed-breed dogs showed them to have
more binding sites for zinc than for copper or iron.
- "Alaskan Malamute
chondrodysplasia--V. Decreased gut zinc absorption" by RG Brown,
GN Hoag, ME Smart and LH Mitchell. In: Growth, March 1978,
volume 42, issue 1, pg 1-6. This study found that chondrodysplastic
Malamutes absorbed only one-fourth the amount of zinc absorbed by a
control group of mixed-breed dogs. The failure to transfer zinc from
a protein to a non-protein fraction in the mucosal cell is suggested
as the culprit in the chondrodysplastic dogs.
- All About the Spitz
Breeds by David Cavill. Pelham, 1978. An introduction to several
of the many spitz breeds and varieties, including Alaskan Malamutes.
- "Alaskan Malamute
chondrodysplasia--VI. Copper absorption studies" by GN Hoag, RG
Brown, ME Smart, RE Subden and LH Mitchell. In: Canadian Veterinary
Journal, December 1977, volume 18, issue 12, pg 349-51.
- "Alaskan Malamute
chondrodysplasia--III. Connective tissue of bone" by RG Brown,
GN Hoag, RE Subden and ME Smart. In: Growth, September
1977, volume 41, issue 3, pg 207-14. Collagen and mucopolysaccharide
components of the bone in chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamutes was compared
to those of normal Alaskan Malamutes of the same age. A number of differences
were found, supporting the hypothesis that the changes in bone resulting
in bowed legs are secondary to a primary metabolic effect.
- "Alaskan Malamute
chondrodysplasia--IV. Concentrations of zinc, copper and iron in various
tissues" by RG Brown, GN Hoag, ME Smart, G Boechner, and RE Subden.
In: Growth, September 1977, volume 41, issue 2, pg 215-20.
Study of trace mineral concentrations in various tissues of six-month-old
chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamutes are compared to those in normal
dogs. Zinc in heart tissues was low in Malamutes; copper in the liver
is two to four times higher than in normal animals; and iron is significantly
higher in the kidney, liver and pancreas than in normal animals. These
results suggest that chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamutes may have a
genetic defect in the metabolism of trace minerals, which may account
for skeletal lesions that have been found in these dogs.
- "Alaskan Malamute
chondrodysplasia--II. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, uronic acid
and acid mucopolysaccharides" by GN Hoag, RG Brown, ME Smart and
RE Subden. In: Growth, March 1976, volume 40, issue 1,
pg 13-8. Urinary output of three compounds was compared in chondrodysplastic
and normal Alaskan Malamutes. A four-fold increase in urinary mucopolysaccharide
levels that occurred at six months in chondrodysplastic dogs was observed,
probably indicating a delayed maturation process.
- "Alaskan Malamute
chondrodysplasia--I. Bone composition studies" by GN Hoag, RG Brown,
ME Smart and RE Subden. In: Growth, March 1976, volume
40, issue 1, pg 3-11. Significant differences in extractability of mineral
components from specific bone segments was noted, of a magnitude making
it unlikely that stress or mechanical factors could be responsible.
Data produced by this study support a hypothesis that chondrodysplasia
is not a vitamin-D-resistant rickets syndrome.
- "The electroretinogram
in dogs with inherited cone degeneration" by GD Aguirre and LF
Rubin. In: Investigative Ophthalmology, November 1975,
volume 14, issue 11, pg 840-7. ERG testing of hemeralopic Alaskan Malamutes
with red, blue and white light stimuli determined that the adult hemeralopic
dog's retina contains only rods, with no cones.
- "Clinical and pathologic
features of chondrodysplasia (dwarfism) in the Alaskan Malamute"
by SM Fletch, ME Smart, PW Pennock, and RE Subden. In: The Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1 March 1973,
volume 162, issue 5, pg 357-61.
- "An Inherited anaemia
associated with hereditary chondrodysplasia in the Alaskan Malamute"
by SM Fletch and PH Pinkerton. In: The Canadian Veterinary Journal,
November 1972, volume 13, issue 11, pg 270-1.
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