- Complete Owner's
Manual to the Northern Breeds by Margaret H. Bonham. Barrons,
2001. An introduction to the spitz breeds of the Northern type, including
the Hokkaïdo Inu.
- "Genetic variability
in East Asian dogs using microsatellite loci analysis" by KS Kim,
Y Tanabe, CK Park, and JH Ha. In: Journal of Heredity,
September-October 2001, volume 92, p 398-403. DNA analysis was performed
on 213 dogs of 11 breeds native to East Asia. The Akita was the breed
found to be most closely related to the Hokkaido Inu.
- Eyewitness Handbooks:
Dogs: The Visual Guide to Over 300 Dog Breeds From Around the World
by David Alderton, photography by Tracy Morgan. DK, 1993. Capsule introductions
to many breeds, including the Ainu, with photographs: something of a
dog-watcher's guide with no detailed information.
- "Genetic variability
in East Asian dogs using microsatellite loci analysis" by KS Kim,
Y Tanabe, CK Park, and JH Ha. In: The Journal of Heredity,
September-October 2001, vol 92, p 398-403. This DNA study looked at
samples from eleven dog populations, including three mixed populations
and eight breeds of which six were spitzes, to determine breed relationships.
Breeds included in the study are the Akita,
the Hokkaïdo, the Kishu,
the Korean Jindo, the Shiba,
and the "Eskimo Dog",
as well as the Sapsaree and the Shih Tzu. This fascinating study proposed
two dendrograms picturing the surprising relationships among these breeds,
with the Tibetan Terrier-like Sapsaree closely related to the spitz
Jindo, and the Shih Tzu not nearly so distant as one would expect.
- "Intra- and interbreed
genetic variations of mitochondrial DNA major non-coding regions in
Japanese native dog breeds (Canis familiaris)" by N Okumura,
N Ishiguro, M Nakano, A Matsui, and M Sahara. In: Animal Genetics,
December 1996, volume 27, issue 6, pg 397-405. Major non-coding regions
of mitochondrial DNA were amplified through polymerase chain reamplification
from 73 dogs of 8 Japanese dog breeds and 21 dogs of 16 non-Japanese
breeds. Phylogenetic analysis calculated back approximately 100,000
years showed that the Japanese dog breeds cannot be clearly shown to
be distinct breeds through this angle of analysis.
- "Further studies on
the red cell glycolipids of various breeds of dogs: A possible assumption
about the origin of Japanese dogs" by Y Hashimoto, T Yamakawa and
Y Tanabe. In: Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo),
December 1984, volume 96, issue 6, pg 1777-82. Testing of blood samples
from 1591 dogs of 36 breeds revealed that expression of N-glycolylneuraminic
acid, though genetically dominant, is limited to several breeds of Eastern
origin. Incidence was highest in breeds native to northern China, Korea,
and the southern part of Japan. Alone among the Eastern breeds, the
Hokkaïdo Inu (native to the extreme north of Japan), does not express
it. This suggests that the breeds of southern Japan migrated to the
islands through the Korean peninsula from northern China, while the
Hokkaïdo Inu and other northern Japanese breeds took a different
route from a different origin.
- "Genetic polymorphism
of eserine resistant esterases in canine plasma" by G Sugiura,
Y Tanabe and K Ota. In: Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics,
1977, vol 8, p 121-126. A study of six plasma eserine resistant esterase
phenotypes in 1438 dogs of 38 breeds. The authors found that the phenotypic
variations were controlled by three codominant alleles, which they named
ESA, ESB and ESC. ESB was common in most of the breeds, while ESC was
seen only in the Akita, the
Shikoku, the Hokkaido, Shinshu-
and Mino-Shibas and "a
spitz dog"; ESA was uncommon in Japanese breeds, but found more
often in European dogs.
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