Cyrus (king c. 557): conquers Middle East, Lydia, Ionia
Cambyses (king 530): conquers Egypt
Darius (king 522): crushes Ionian revolt in 490s

490 Marathon: Miltiades (Ath)

Xerxes becomes king
Silver found at Laureion
Ascendancy of Themistocles

480 Thermopylae: Leonidas (Sp)
      Salamis: Themistocles (Ath)
479 Plataea: Pausanias (Sp)

Greeks & Barbarians

Free Greek Males vs. Slaves/Barbarians/Women
 

Scythians, Thracians etc.	Greeks	Persians
"bar-bar"	Greek	"bar-bar"
no cities	polis	kingdom
no government	citizens	subjects
no clothes, tattoo selves, etc.	exercise naked	consider nakedness shameful
rash	brave	cowardly
dumb	smart	cunning, deceptive

Reflections of Barbarians

• Art (esp. vase painting)
• Herodotus, Histories
• Aeschylus, Persians (472)

Sources

• Inscriptions (decrees, "tribute lists")
• Backstory in Thucydides

• Shifting factions (not real "parties")
• Ostracism (< ostrakon, "potsherd")
• Radical democrats vs. pro-Spartan conservatives

• 482  Aristides ostracized

• 465 the Helot Crisis
• 461 Cimon ostracized; legal reforms of Ephialtes

• 443 Thucydides ostracized

The Delian League

• Alliance vs. future Persian threat
• Treasury on island of Delos
• Members contribute ships or money
• Most contribute money (ex. Athens)
• "Dues" mutate into tribute

477 Founding of League
465  Revolt of Thasos crushed
454 Treasury moved to Athens
450 Peace of Kallias (?)
440s Athenian building program
  (paid for w/ tribute money)
441 Revolt of Samos crushed